Wane ne ake amfani da su na sodium-ion batteries?

Wani ne Sodium-Ion Batura Ya kashe ne?

Batteri na sodium-ion ba wani abu daya ba. Shishe ne ta hanyar karamin abubuwan da suka fiye da karamin cathode, karamin anode, gishiri na electrolyte, abubuwan da suka fiye da karamin current collectors, battery management system, da mechanical pack wanda ya kawo dukkanin sune. Don abokan baya (B2B) suka neman batteri na sodium-ion —kamar yadda suka neman, suka bayyana, suka taimaka, da kuma karamin OEM ko ODM suka neman suka neman aikin automotive start-stop —fahimtar wani abu da ke ciki na batteri ne farko don zama ƙarfi da kuma zama ƙarfi da karamin chemistry na batteri ko zama ƙarfi da karamin engineering da suka haɗa da karamin amfani da batteri.

Wannan shirin ya tashi karamin abubuwan da suka fiye da batteri na sodium-ion karama karama, ya bayyana yadda karamin abubuwan da suka fiye da karamin suka fiye da karamin amfani, da kuma ya kammala da yadda karamin suka fiye da karamin cell wanda za a jiya shi a cikin engine na Start-Stop vehicle.

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Cathode Abu Karamin

Kathode shi ne ayyukan abu na bateri na sodium-ion wanda ya ƙara canza. Duk kimya na sodium-ion wanda suka kashe duniya yanzu suna amfani da farko na abubuwan kathode, kuma tashin kathode shi ne babbar abu da ke haifar da tsawon energy na cell, yadda cell ya zama mai gudunmawa, kariya na kusurta, kuma cikin yadda cell ya yi a yankin yara.

Oxides na tsakarkara

Oxides na tsakarkara suna da karami ga kathodes na NMC wanda ake amfani da su a cikin bateri na lithium-ion. Su ne kamar yadda ake bukatar sodium da wani ko mazauci na metals na tsakarkara — kamar yadda ake nickel, manganese, da iron a farko na nisba — wadanda ake saba wa tsakarkara na crystal. Farko na composition kamar NaNi1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3O2 da wadanda suka dace da su ne a cikin littattafan na teknikal.

Kwayoyin da suka ƙara kuma yana da kyau a cikin rukuni na sodium-ion, kuma zasu iya amfani da kayan aiki da suka gabata a cikin kayan aiki na lithium-ion. Suna da kyau kuma a cikin ruwa da hawaye kamar wadanda suka gabata a cikin kayan aiki na cathode, wanda zai iya taimaka wajen kara abu ne da yawa a cikin bayani na cell. A cikin bayani na abokan, kwayoyin da suka ƙara kuma suna da kyau a cikin rukuni na sodium-ion wanda ke da kyau a cikin Wh-per-kilogram da kayan aiki na lithium.

Kayan aiki na polyanion

Kayan aiki na polyanion suna da sodium da suka gabata a cikin phosphate, sulfate, ko wani daga cikin wadanda suka gabata a cikin polyanion ba a cikin kwayoyin da suka ƙara kuma ba. Sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3) da wadanda suka gabata suna da kyau a cikin bayani. Tsarin kristal ya fi kyau da kwayoyin da suka ƙara kuma, wanda ke nufin cewa yana da kyau a cikin rukuni da yawa da kyau a cikin tsari na hawaye —wadannan biyu na abubuwan da suka gabata a cikin kayan aiki na motor.

Kashe da kuma yana ƙarfi na kari. Selu na polyanion suna daga baya na selu na layered oxides a cikin Wh-per-kilogram, wanda shine saboda su ya zama babu ba su gane sosai don selu na traction wanda ke bukatar mass. Don selu na stationary ko mid-power kamar Start-Stop service, inda cycle life da thermal stability suna muhimmi sosai da kuma yana ba da kyau sosai da kuma ƙarfi na kari na ƙarshe 10–20 Wh/kg, selu na polyanion zai iya zama zaɓi mai kyau. Kuma ƙarfi na kari, cycle life, da rate capability suna canzawa tare da composition na polyanion kuma tare da yadda selu aka riga, don haka an dole ne a duba datasheet na supplier ba tare da chemistry labels saja.

Prussian Blue Analogues

Prussian blue analogues —kadara yana kira shi Prussian white lokacin da aka sodiate taushe —sunan kuma wani famili na cathode da ke amfani da shi a matsayin tattalin arziki don cells na sodium-ion. Su ke amfani da tsarin framework da ke nuna sodium a cikin channels na crystal lattice. Su ke zama ƙaramin yadda ake bayarwa saboda su iya zana ba su da transition metals da suka dace, kuma suna ba da cycle life mai yawa.

Wani abu da ke sauyi shi a amfani da su a gidajen maki shine ƙaramin volumetric energy density kuma yadda ake gudunmawa da ruwa a cikin crystal structure, wanda ke iya gyara kammalinsu na amfani. Don masu amfani a matsayin B2B, an dole ne a gano cells na Prussian-blue daidai a matsayin pack-level energy density, performance a yadda mai sanyi, da quality control na masu bayani — ba a matsayin raw chemistry claims.

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Anode — Hard Carbon a matsayin Dominan t Choice

Kwafin anode na cell sodium-ion mai amfani a matsayin yana da carbon mai ƙarfi. Carbon mai ƙarfi shi ne mataimakin carbon wanda ba shi da tsari, kuma yana da tsarin da ke iya zuba sodium ions a cikin sa ko gudan sa a lokacin charge da discharge. Ya zama anode na sodium-ion na farko saboda sodium ions ba su dace da graphite don zuba a cikinsa —anode na farko don hankali na lithium-ion cells —don haka akwai bukatar tsari na carbon na farko.

Carbon mai ƙarfi ya ba mu mahimmancin specific capacity na sodium-ion anode, yadda ake gudan sa da tsari, da tsarin samun raw material wanda ba za a bukata graphite mai kyau sosai wanda ke amfani da su a wani irin lithium chemistries. Yana da kuma karfafa a matsayin yadda ake amfani da ita: akwai mahaullakai na farko da suka gabata, kuma tsarin samun sa yana da kuma dace da tsarin samun electrode coating na farko.

Wani mataimakon anode na sauran — kamar carbon mai zafi, carbon mai tsaya da sauran, wani abu mai kuma da titanium, da wani abu mai tsaya da alloy — suna aikatawa da gudunmawa kuma, a wasu halin, suna aikatawa da sadarwa. Amma don wadanda suka fiye da sodium-ion bateri na motor, hard carbon yana zama abin da aka fi amfani da shi a yau. Wadanda suka fiye da datasheets zasu ga sodium-ion cells a wasu lokaci kamar yadda suka fiye da hard carbon anode, kuma farko da farko yana cikin yadda suka fiye da surface area, yadda suka fiye da particle size distribution, da yadda suka fiye da first-cycle efficiency na hard carbon, ba a yadda suka fiye da anode family ba.

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Electrolyte — Sodium Salts a Carbonate Solv alamarai

Electrolyte shine shari'a na ions ne kafin cathode da anode. A sodium-ion cell shine yana da sodium salt — kamar NaPF6 ko NaClO4 — da aka fofa a carbonate-based solvents kamar ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, da ethyl methyl carbonate, da aka amfani da su a matsayin solo ko a matsayin yadda suka fiye da blends.

Tasirin ya kamata ya yi kudin tattara a lokacin da suka daga cikin wani lokaci. Ya kamata ya kawo sodium ions a matsayin da ke ƙarƙashin electrodes, ya zama chemical stable a cikin cathode da anode a voltage na cell, kuma ya zama liquid da kuma ya kawo electricity a cikin temperature range daya wacce bateri zai iya ganin —daga rana mai sarduna a gatan kafin rana zuwa rana mai yawa a gatan kafin rana. Additives kamar fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) suna amfani da su a matsayin da ke ƙarƙashin solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) a cikin hard carbon anode kuma in gyara cycle life.

Wani karamin karamin bayanai da wani karamin masu bayani suna gudanar da gel polymer electrolytes da solid-state sodium-ion electrolytes, amma don yadda ake amfani da su a matsayin tattalin arziki na motor, liquid carbonate-based electrolyte zai kasance abin da aka shigar da shi. Don masu biya a cikin tattalin arziki, alama ta hanyar amfani ne cewa sodium-ion cells suna da kadan daga cikin alamar yadda suka yi a yadda suka yi a yadda suka yi a yadda lithium-ion cells da liquid-electrolyte. Wani design na pack ce wanda ya iya amfani da electrolyte management daidai ne don kowane, ya iya amfani da shi daidai ne don sauran.

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Separator, Current Collectors, da Cell Gidaje

Separator shine mabudin polymer wanda ke ƙara kura —ta hanyar polyethylene, polypropylene, ko wani ƙwararren ceramic-coated wanda ke kusa da su a lithium-ion cells— wanda ya fara kuma ya sanya cathode da anode, amma ya ba sodium ions damu da goyon. Separator ya fara kuma ya sanya electrolyte da ya yi amfani da shi a yadda ya fara kuma ya sanya kowane electrodes. Kafin separator —ta hanyar kuskuren fabrikation, dendrite growth, ko kuskuren na mechanical — ya zama ƙarshen da kariya ta hanyar kariya na ƙarshen da kariya, wanda shine sabuwar yadda ake gudanin abin da ke cikin shirin samun abu ba ne kuma kuma babu wani abu da ke cikin tushen kalmomi.

Abubuwan da suka nuna kariya suna ne abubuwan da suka nuna kariya wanda suka nuna kariya zuwa kuma daga kowane kariya. Kullum kariya na sodium-ion yana amfani da aluminum foil a cikin kowane kariya. Wannan shine farko na farko na kariya na lithium-ion wanda ke amfani da copper foil a cikin kariya na anode saboda aluminum yana kuma kuma kariya da lithium a yadda yake kariya. Sodium ba ta kuma kariya da aluminum a yadda yake kariya, don haka kowane kariya zai iya amfani da aluminum foil wanda ke ƙasa kuma yake ƙasa —wani daga cikin abubuwan da suka haɗa da sodium-ion na yadda zai iya kuma kariya da kariya.

Kilas sannu ya kashe a cikin kofa mai ƙarfi. A cikin wadanda suka yi amfani da sodium-ion, suka amfani da cylindrical, prismatic, da pouch formats, wanda suka fiye da mahaullin masu amfani da su da kuma yadda suka buƙata. Don amfani na automotive Start-Stop, prismatic da cylindrical formats suna ƙarƙashin yanzu saboda suka iya gudanar da stress na mechanical, thermal, da vibration na engine bay da yawa don haka kamar suka iya gudanar da pouch cells. Yadda suka rufe (venting design), haɗin kofa (terminal layout), da ƙaramin kofa (hold-down dimensions) suna muhimmi idan kilas ya kamata ya zama wani abu da za a sa hannu a cikin wani kilas na automotive mai yawa.

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Baturi Sisitem na amfani da kilas (BMS) da Elektronics

Kilas suna kusa daga ƙarshe na kilas na sodium-ion na al'ada. Kusa daga ƙarshe shine sisitem na amfani da kilas —wanda ke nuna kila kilas ko kusurin kilas, ke tsara amfanin da kira, ke rarraba halin kilas, da ke kare kilas daga wasu abubuwan da ke baiwa shi amfani. A cikin kilas na Start-Stop, BMS ya zama wani abu da ke amfani da:

• Tension kula da kowane seli, don haka wani seli ba za a yi shugaban yadda ya kamata a yi amfani da shi.

•Kula da ƙarshen yanzu a lokacin kari da a lokacin fuskaci, ta hanyar ƙarshen fuskaci na farko wanda aka buƙata daga motorin fuskaci.

•Kula da ƙarfi a madaidaici na farko a cikin bateri, wanda yake kuma kula da sensori a cikin seli, a cikin kankara, kuma kadara a cikin boardin BMS.

•Kullumta na seli a lokacin kari, don haka seli na farko suka zama da kamar yadda suka zama da karamin kari kuma bateri ba za ta gudan karamin amfani a lokacin da suka zuwa.

•Takardun karamin kari (SOC) da takardun halin karamin kari (SOH), wanda abinci zai iya amfani da su don fahimci lokacin da za a fara ko kusanta, kuma kuma karamin karamin kari ko kuma kuma mutum da ke tsayi.

• Kula da sistemun karamin kari na abinci, ta hanyar LIN ko CAN bus, tare da yadda ake amfani da shi.

Kimya a cikin cell su ne sodium-ion, amma shirin BMS zai kashe kamar yadda ake a lithium-ion pack. Don mai amfani da B2B, wannan yana nufin mahallin abubuwa da suka zuwa don gano BMS na sodium-ion — kwalitas firmware, tashin sensor, abubuwa da suka dace don otutu, taron bayani na validation, da kuma koyon watsi na communication protocol —ba su daga baya ba. Suna daidai da abubuwa da suka zuwa don gano otutu na lithium-ion, wanda aka yi amfani da su a cell wanda ke farko.

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Seli Tsari da kuma Kafa na Pack-Level

A kafin cell, abubuwan sodium-ion suna amfani da uku na farko na format. Cylindrical cells —wanda suka dace da 18650 da 21700 wanda suka dace da lithium-ion — suka kafa electrodes na jellyroll a cikin metal can. Prismatic cells suka kafa electrodes na layers a cikin metal housing na rectangular da ke rigidity. Pouch cells suna amfani da flexible laminated film enclosure da suka dace da external structure don kafa maimakon mechanical.

A cikin kwayar bateri na sodium-ion mai amfani wajen sayar da maita, ƙwararren bateri na amincewa suka hada cellule su a kewaye don samun ƙimar 12 V na sistem, sannan suka adda BMS, busbars, terminals, alama na thermal management, da kwayar mai tsayi wanda ya daga cikin kwayar bateri na sayar da maita. Ayyukan kwayar bateri — yadda cellule an gudana su, yadda an saha su a kewaye da kwaye, yadda an saha terminals, yadda an taimaka su don foforo, da yadda an saha BMS — suna ƙara yadda bateri na gaba daya zai iya saha a cikin kewaye da bateri na lead-acid ko AGM na sayar da maita.

Awon kusurin biyu da suka da wani kimya ta celli da kuma wani kwayar kwaya na kudin yadda ake amfani da su zasu iya samun farko mai yawa a duniya mafi kyawawan, idan kusurin ya ba da kari. Kuma yadda ake saukin hanyar gudunmawa na hanyar gudunmawa, yadda ake kula da tsinkin na kusurin, kuma yadda ake kula da kusurin na BMS a cikin kusurin, suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka ƙarewa da inginiyarin, ba su kimya ba. Don abokan da suka bin, kusurin na kusurin na kusurin — ba kimya na celli ba — shi ne kusurin da ke da mahimmanci don mu saba.

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Wane Abubuwa da Ake Zabi s Yadda ake Amfani da Kusurin na Motor na Gwamnati Mai yin amfani

Dalilin da abokan da suka bin yana bukata da abubuwan da suka cikin bateri na sodium-ion —ba tare da yin shi a matsayin kusurin da ba a fahimci ba, amma a matsayin “sodium-ion” —shin dalilin da abubuwan da ake zabi suna karewa da abubuwan da suka dace da kuskuren da suka cikin kusurin:

• Ya zama ya kara motor na -20 °C? Shinni ya kashe akan ƙaramin kathode, haɗin elektrolit, yadda ƙarfi na karbon mai tsoro, da kuma kudin BMS na saurin yaki — ba tare da kalma ba “sodium-ion” a cikin labili.